Michael Schaerer, Christilene Du Plessis, My Hoang Bao Nguyen, Robbie C.M. Van Aert, Leo Tiokhin, Daniel Lakens, Elena Giulia Clemente, Thomas Pfeiffer, Anna Dreber, Magnus Johannesson, Cory J. Clark, Eric Luis Uhlmann, Ajay T. Abraham, Magdalena Adamus, Cinla Akinci, Federica Alberti, Abdelaziz M. Alsharawy, Shilaan Alzahawi, Frederik Anseel, Felix Arndt, Binnur Balkan, Ernest Baskin, Carrie E. Bearden, Eric G. Benotsch, Stefan Bernritter, Sheila R. Black, Wiebke Bleidorn, Andrew P. Boysen, Justin P. Brienza, Mitch Brown, Stephanie E. V. Brown, Joshua W. Brown, Jeffrey Buckley, Brett Buttliere, Nick Byrd, Hynek Cígler, Tabaŕe Capitan, Paolo Cherubini, Shao Yuan Chong, Esma Esen Ciftci, Cheryl D. Conrad, Paul Conway, Elaine Costa, Jolene A. Cox, Daniel J. Cox, Francisco Cruz, Ian G.J. Dawson, Elif E. Demiral, Jaye L. Derrick, Shemal Doshi, Daniel J. Dunleavy, Justin D. Durham, Christian T. Elbaek, David A. Ellis, Eyal Ert, Maria Paz Espinoza, Sascha C. Füllbrunn, Sean Fath, Remy Furrer, Lenka Fiala, Adrien Alejandro Fillon, Mattias Forsgren, Agapi Thaleia Fytraki, Francisco B. Galarza, Linnea Gandhi, S. Mason Garrison, Diogo Geraldes, Omid Ghasemi, Biljana Gjoneska, Jennifer Gothilander, Daniel Grühn, Manuel Grieder, Sebastian Hafenbr¨adl, Georgios Halkias, Roeland Hancock, Donald A. Hantula, Helen C. Harton, Christian P. Hoffmann, Felix Holzmeister, Filip Hoŕak, Ann-Katrin Hosch, Hirotaka Imada, Konstantinos Ioannidis, Bastian Jaeger, Moritz Janas, Bartosz Janik, Raghabendra Pratap Kc, Pamela K. Keel, Jared W. Keeley, Lucas Keller, Douglas T. Kenrick, Kim M. Kiely, Mikael Knutsson, Aleksandra Kovacheva, Margaret Bull Kovera, Vladislav Krivoshchekov, Elizabeth J. Krumrei-Mancuso, Danica Kulibert, David Lacko, Edward P. Lemay, Desmond W. Leung, Flora Li, Hause Lin, Kyle E. Lorenzo, Lorenzo Lorenzo-Luaces, Nigel Mantou Lou, Andrey Lovakov, Andre Luzardo, Samuel C. MacAulay, Christopher R. Madan, Ola Mahmoud, Matthew C. Makel, Silvia Mari, Diego Marino Fages, Abigail A. Marsh, Randy J. McCarthy, Brett Mercier, Taciano L. Milfont, Sergio Mittlaender, Amanda K. Montoya, Anne Moyer, Kristian Ove R. Myrseth, Daniel Navarro-Martinez, Anthony J. Nelson, Levent Neyse, N. Minghui, Pawe? Niszczota, Natalie A. Obrecht, Tobias Otterbring, Zaviera A. Panlilio, Lora E. Park, Shiva Pauer, Yuri G. Pavlov, Imre Pentek, Juan S. Pereyra, Patryk Perkowski, Ethan Pew, Zehra F. Peynirciǒglu, Mark V. Pezzo, Angelo Pirrone, Ori Plonsky, Jonas C.C. Porfírio, Madeleine Pownall, MacIej M. Pŕochnicki, John Protzko, Jan P. R¨oer, Dobromir Rahnev, Harry T. Reis, Kimberly Rios, David L. Rodrigues, Priscilla Rodriguez, Yefim Roth, Bradley J. Ruffle, Margaret Samahita, Aishameriane Schmidt, Martin Schoemann, Philipp Schoenegger, David C. Schwebel, Adrian M. Segovia, Jeffrey W. Sherman, Simon Siegenthaler, Birte Siem, Miroslav Sirota, Eliot R. Smith, Antonios Stamatogiannakis, Steve Stewart-Williams, Daniel Storage, Yuxin Su, Eli J Talbert, Andrew R. Todd, Mirco Tonin, Stefan T. Trautmann, Giovanni A. Travaglino, Jo-Ann Tsang, Roel Van Veldhuizen, Michael E. W. Varnum, Alicia A. Walf, Lukas Wallrich, Ke Wang, Deborah E. Ward, Christian E. Waugh, Tobias Wingen, Jan K. Woike, Conny E. Wollbrant, Shuping Wu, Keith Wylie, Qinyu Xiao, Sherrie Y. Xue, Ofir Yakobi, Vivian Zayas, Jie Zheng, Yuyang Zhong, Cristina Zogmaister, Camille S. Zolopa, Norrgren Lisa, Cong Chin Wen, Grigoryev Dmitry
A preregistered meta-analysis, including 244 effect sizes from 85 field audits and 361,645 individual job applications, tested for gender bias in hiring practices in female-stereotypical and gender-balanced as well as male-stereotypical jobs from 1976 to 2020. A “red team” of independent experts was recruited to increase the rigor and robustness of our meta-analytic approach. A forecasting survey further examined whether laypeople (n = 499 nationally representative adults) and scientists (n = 312) could predict the results. Forecasters correctly anticipated reductions in discrimination against female candidates over time. However, both scientists and laypeople overestimated the continuation of bias against female candidates. Instead, selection bias in favor of male over female candidates was eliminated and, if anything, slightly reversed in sign starting in 2009 for mixed-gender and male-stereotypical jobs in our sample. Forecasters further failed to anticipate that discrimination against male candidates for stereotypically female jobs would remain stable across the decades. © 2023 The Authors
Singapore Management University, Singapore; Tilburg University, Netherlands; Eindhoven University of Technology, New Zealand; Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden; University of Innsbruck, Austria; United States i Insead, Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden H University of Pennsylvania, Singapore; Data and Analytics Group, IG&H, Netherlands; Seattle University, United States; Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Economics and Administration, Masaryk University, Czech Republic; University of St Andrews, United Kingdom; University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom; School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, United States; Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, United States; University of New South Wales, Australia; University of Guelph, Canada; Stockholm University, Sofi, Sweden; Saint Joseph's University, United States; University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; King's College London, United Kingdom; Psychology Department, University of Alabama, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States; University of Queensland Business School, Australia; University of Arkansas, United States; ICF International, United States; Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States; Technological University of Shannon, Ireland; Science Studies Laboratory, Centre for European Regional and Local Studies (EUROREG), University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Stevens Institute of Technology, United States; Psychology Research Institute, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic; Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden; University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy; Anadolu University, Turkey; Department of Social Science, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Arizona State University, United States; University of Southampton, United Kingdom; University of Utah, United States; Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of Sunshine Coast, Australia; University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, Cicpsi, Portugal; Austin Peay State University, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Houston, United States; University of California, Berkeley, United States; Center for Translational Behavioral Science, Florida State University., United States; University of Oklahoma, United States; Department of Management, Aarhus University, Denmark; School of Management, University of Bath, United Kingdom; Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; University of Basque Country UPV/EHU., Spain; Institute for Management Research., Radboud University, Netherlands; Ilr School., Cornell University, United States; Center for Bioethics, Harvard Medical School, United States; Department of Economics, University of Bergen, Norway; University of Cyprus, Cyprus; Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands; Universidad Del Pacífico, Lima, Peru; Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, United States; School of Economics and Geary Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Australia; Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, North Macedonia; School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, M¨alardalen University, Sweden; North Carolina State University, United States; Faculty of Economics. Dmitry Grigoryev, Hse University, UniDistance Suisse, Russian Federation; Iese Business School, Spain; Copenhagen Business School, Denmark; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, United States; Temple University, United States; University of Northern Iowa, United States; University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Economics, University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Constitutional Law, Faculty of Law, Charles University, Czech Republic; University of Bremen, Germany; University of Kent, United Kingdom; University of Amsterdam and University of Birmingham, Netherlands; Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Netherlands; New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland; Rollins College, United States; Department of Psychology, Florida State University, United States; University of Konstanz, Germany; University of Wollongong, Australia; Link¨oping University, Sweden; University at Albany, United States; John Jay College of Criminal Justice and Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Switzerland; Pepperdine University, United States; Tulane University, United States; Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; College Park, University of Maryland, United States; Baruch College and Graduate Center, Cuny, United States; Economics Experimental Lab, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing, China; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Regina, Canada; Fordham University, United States; Indiana University-Bloomington, United States; University of Victoria, Canada; German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies (DZHW)., Germany; University of Queensland, Australia; University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; School of Economics and Political Science, University of St. Gallen, Switzerland; University of Calgary, Canada; Georgetown University, United States; Northern Illinois University, United States; University of Toronto, Canada; University of Waikato, New Zealand; Fgv Direito Sp and Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social Policy, Germany; Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, United States; School for Business and Society, University of York, United Kingdom; Pompeu Fabra University, Spain; Pennsylvania State University, United States; Wzb Social Science Center Berlin; Diw, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychology, Cornell University, United States; Poznán University of Economics and Business, Poland; William Paterson University, United States; University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway; University at Buffalo, Suny, United States; University at Buffalo, United States; University of Amsterdam, Netherlands; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation; Babes-Bolyai University, Romania; Department of Economics. Fcs - UdelaR, Uruguay; Sy Syms School of Business, Yeshiva University, United States; McCombs School of Business, University of Texas at Austin, United States; American University, United States; University of South Florida, United States; Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, London School of Economics, United Kingdom; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel; Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil; School of Psychology, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; Jagiellonian University, Poland; Central Connecticut State University, United States; Witten/Herdecke University, Germany; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Psychology, United States; Atlanta, GA, United States; University of Rochester, United States; Ohio University, United States; Iscte-Instituto Universitario de Lisboa, CIS-Iscte, Portugal; Insead, France; University of Haifa, Israel; McMaster University, Canada; University College Dublin, Ireland; Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Netherlands; Institute and de Nederlandsche Bank, Netherlands; Technische Universit¨at Dresden, Germany; Center for Economic Research, Shandong University, China; University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States; Centro Escolar University, Philippines; University of California, Davis, United States; University of Texas at Dallas, United States; Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany; University of Essex, United Kingdom; Indiana University, Bloomington, United States; Ie Business School - Ie University, Spain; University of Nottingham Malaysia, Malaysia; University of Denver, United States; Skema Business School, France; University of Virginia, United States; Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy; Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute for the Study of Power, Crime, and Society, Department of Law and Criminology, University of London, Royal Holloway, United Kingdom; Baylor University, United States; Lund University, Sweden; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, United States; Business School, University of London, Birkbeck, United Kingdom; Harvard University, United States; Saint Joseph’s University, United States; Wake Forest University, United States; Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Germany; University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; University of Plymouth, United Kingdom; Universit`a di Milano-Bicocca, Italy; Emporia State University, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Nice Actimize, France; Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology.; HSE University; University of Gothenburg.
