Nicole Legate, Thuy-Vy Nguyen, Netta Weinstein, Arlen Moller, Lisa Legault, Zahir Vally, Zuzanna Tajchman, Andras N. Zsido, Miha Zrimsek, Zhang Chen, Ignazio Ziano, Zoi Gialitaki, Dana M. Basnight-Brown, Chris D. Ceary, Yuna Jang, Hans IJzerman, Yijun Lin, Yoshihiko Kunisato, Yuki Yamada, Qinyu Xiao, Xiaoming Jiang, Xinkai Du, Elvin Yao, William S. Ryan, John Paul Wilson, Wilson Cyrus-Lai, William Jimenez-Leal, Wilbert Law, Wenceslao Unanue, W. Matthew Collins, Karley L. Richard, Marek Vranka, Vladislav Ankushev, Vidar Schei, Veronika Lerche, Vanja Kovic, Valerija Krizanic, Veselina Hristova Kadreva, Vera Cubela Adoric, Ulrich S. Tran, Siu Kit Yeung, Widad Hassan, Ralph Houston, Heather L. Urry, Michael A. Machin, Tiago J. S. Lima, Thomas Ostermann, Thomas Frizzo, Therese E. Sverdrup, Thea House, Tripat Gill, Maksim Fedotov, Tamar Paltrow, Hannah Moshontz, Teodor Jernsäther, Tasnim Rahman, Tanya Machin, Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Thomas J. Hostler, Tatsunori Ishii, Barnabas Szaszi, Sylwia Adamus, Lilian Suter, Suparpit M. Von Bormann, Sumaiya Habib, Anna Studzinska, Dragana Stojanovska, Steve M. J. Janssen, Stefan Stieger, Maximilian A. Primbs, Stefan E. Schulenberg, Erin M. Buchanan, Srinivasan Tatachari, Soufian Azouaghe, Piotr Sorokowski, Agnieszka Sorokowska, Xin Song, Sofie Morbée, Savannah Lewis, Sladjana Sinkolova, Dmitry Grigoryev, Shira Meir Drexler, Shimrit Daches, Shelby L. Levine, Shawn N. Geniole, Shahunur Akter, Selena Vracar, Sébastien Massoni, Sebastiano Costa, Saša Zorjan, Eylul Sarioguz, Sara Morales Izquierdo, Sarah Suzette Tshonda, Jeremy K. Miller, Sara G. Alves, Sara Pöntinen, Sara Álvarez Solas, Santiago Ordoñez-Riaño, Sanja Batic Ocovaj, Sandersan Onie, Samuel Lins, Theresa Biberauer, Sami Çoksan, Sakda Khumkom, Asli Sacakli, Nicholas A. Coles, Susana Ruiz-Fernández, Sandra J. Geiger, Saeideh FatahModares, Radoslaw B. Walczak, Ruben Betlehem, Roosevelt Vilar, Rodrigo A. Cárcamo, Robert M. Ross, Randy McCarthy, Tonia Ballantyne, Erin C. Westgate, Richard M. Ryan, Rafael Gargurevich, Reza Afhami, Dongning Ren, Renan P. Monteiro, Ulf-Dietrich Reips, Niv Reggev, Robert J. Calin-Jageman, Razieh Pourafshari, Raquel Oliveira, Mina Nedelcheva-Datsova, Rima-Maria Rahal, Rafael R. Ribeiro, Theda Radtke, Rachel Searston, Rachadaporn Jai-Ai, Redeate Habte, Przemyslaw Zdybek, Sau-Chin Chen, Piyaorn Wajanatinapart, Princess Lovella G. Maturan, Jennifer T. Perillo, Peder Mortvedt Isager, Pavol Kacmár, Paulo Manuel Macapagal, Michael R. Maniaci, Paulina Szwed, Paul H. P. Hanel, Paul A. G. Forbes, Patricia Arriaga, Bastien Paris, Neha Parashar, Konstantinos Papachristopoulos, Christopher R. Chartier, Pablo Sebastián Correa, Ondrej Kácha, Márcia Bernardo, Olatz Campos, Olalla Niño Bravo, Peter R. Mallik, Oscar J. Galindo-Caballero, Chisom Esther Ogbonnaya, Olga Bialobrzeska, Natalia Kiselnikova, Nicolle Simonovic, Noga Cohen, Nora L. Nock, Alejandrina Hernandez, Cecilie Thogersen-Ntoumani, Nikos Ntoumanis, Niklas Johannes, Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir, Nicolas Say, Andreas B. Neubauer, Neil I. Martin, Nathan Torunsky, Natasha Van Antwerpen, Natalia Van Doren, Naoyuki Sunami, Nikolay R. Rachev, Nadyanna M. Majeed, Nadya-Daniela Schmidt, Khaoula Nadif, Patrick S. Forscher, Nadia S. Corral-Frías, Nihal Ouherrou, Nida Abbas, Myrto Pantazi, Marc Y. Lucas, Martin R. Vasilev, María Victoria Ortiz, Muhammad Mussaffa Butt, Murathan Kurfali, Muhib Kabir, Rafal Muda, María Del Carmen M. C. Tejada Rivera, Miroslav Sirota, Martin Seehuus, Michal Parzuchowski, Mónica Toro, Monika Hricova, Mónica Alarcón Maldonado, Alexios Arvanitis, Panagiotis Rentzelas, Maarten Vansteenkiste, Molly A. Metz, Magdalena Marszalek, Maria Karekla, Giovanna Mioni, Minke Jasmijn Bosma, Minja Westerlund, Milica Vdovic, Michal Bialek, Miguel A. Silan, Michele Anne, Michal Misiak, Maria C. Gugliandolo, Maurice Grinberg, Mariagrazia Capizzi, Mauricio F. Espinoza Barría, Merve A. Kurfali, Michael C. Mensink, Mikayel Harutyunyan, Meetu Khosla, Megan R. Dunn, Max Korbmacher, Matúš Adamkovic, Matheus Fernando Felix Ribeiro, Maria Terskova, Matej Hruška, Marcel Martoncik, Martin Voracek, Martin Cadek, Martha Frias-Armenta, Marta Kowal, Marta Topor, Marta Roczniewska, Marlies Oosterlinck, Andrew G. Thomas, Markéta Braun Kohlová, Mariola Paruzel-Czachura, Marina Sabristov, Anna Greenburgh, Marina Romanova, Marietta Papadatou-Pastou, Maria Louise Lund, Maria Antoniadi, Maria Elena Magrin, Marc V. Jones, Manyu Li, Manuel S. Ortiz, Mathi Manavalan, Abdumalik Muminov, Alina Stoyanova, Malgorzata Kossowska, Maja Friedemann, Magdalena Wielgus, Madelon L.M. Van Hooff, Marco A. C. Varella, Martyn Standage, Matilde Nicolotti, Melissa F. Colloff, Maria Bradford, Leigh Ann Vaughn, Luis Eudave, Luc Vieira, Jackson G. Lu, Lina Maria Sanabria Pineda, Lennia Matos, Laura Calderón Pérez, Ljiljana B. Lazarevic, Lisa M. Jaremka, Eline Suzanne Smit, Elizaveta Kushnir, Aaron L. Wichman, Lisa J. Ferguson, Lisa Anton-Boicuk, Gabriel Lins De Holanda Coelho, Lina Ahlgren, Francesca Liga, Carmel A. Levitan, Leticia Micheli, Lesley-Ann Gunton, Leonhard Volz, Marija Stojanovska, Leanne Boucher, Lara Samojlenko, Lady Grey Javela Delgado, Lada Kaliska, Labadi Beatrix, Lara Warmelink, Luis Miguel Rojas-Berscia, Karen Yu, Keith Wylie, Jakub Wachowicz, Abdelilah Ca Charyate, Kermeka Desai, Krystian Barzykowski, Luca Kozma, Kortnee Evans, Komila Kirgizova, Anabel Belaus, Bamikole B. Emmanuel Agesin, Monica A. Koehn, Kelly Wolfe, Tatiana Korobova, Katherine Morris, Kristoffer Klevjer, Kevin Van Schie, Kevin Vezirian, Kaja Damnjanovic, Katrine Krabbe Thommesen, Kathleen Schmidt, Katarzyna Filip, Karolina Staniaszek, Adeyemi Adetula, Karolina Grzech, Karlijn Hoyer, Karis Moon, Sirikon Khaobunmasiri, Kafeel Rana, Kristina Janjic, Jordan W. Suchow, Julita Kielinska, Julio E. Cruz Vásquez, Julien Chanal, Julia Beitner, Juan Camilo Vargas-Nieto, Jose Carlos T. Roxas, Jennifer Taber, Joan Urriago-Rayo, Adrian Dahl Askelund, Jeffrey M. Pavlacic, Jozef Benka, Jozef Bavolar, José A. Soto, Jonas K. Olofsson, Johannes K. Vilsmeier, Johanna Messerschmidt, Johanna Czamanski-Cohen, Joachim Waterschoot, Jennifer D. Moss, Jordane Boudesseul, Jeong Min Lee, Julia Kamburidis, Jennifer A. Joy-Gaba, Janis Zickfeld, Jacob F. Miranda, Jeroen P.H. Verharen, Evgeniya Hristova, Julie E. Beshears, Jasna Milosevic Djordjevic, Jasmijn Bosch, Jaroslava Varella Valentova, Jan Antfolk, Jana B. Berkessel, Jana Schrötter, Jan Urban, Jan Philipp Röer, James O. Norton, Jaime R. Silva, Jade S. Pickering, Jáchym Vintr, Jim Uttley, Jonas R. Kunst, Izuchukwu L. G. Ndukaihe, Aishwarya Iyer, Iris Vilares, Aleksandr Ivanov, Ivan Ropovik, Isabela Sula, Agata Groyecka-Bernard, Irena Sarieva, Irem Metin-Orta, Irina Prusova, Isabel Pinto, Andreea Ioana Bozdoc, Inês A. T. Almeida, Ilse L. Pit, Ilker Dalgar, Ilya Zakharov, Azuka Ikechukwu Arinze, Keiko Ihaya, Ian D. Stephen, Biljana Gjoneska, Hilmar Brohmer, Heather Flowe, Hendrik Godbersen, Halil Emre Kocalar, Mattie V. Hedgebeth, Hu Chuan-Peng, MohammadHasan Sharifian, Harry Manley, Handan Akkas, Nandor Hajdu, Habiba Azab, Gwenael Kaminski, Gustav Nilsonne, Gulnaz Anjum, Giovanni A. Travaglino, Gilad Feldman, Gerit Pfuhl, Gabriela Czarnek, Gabriela Mariana Marcu, Gabriela Hofer, Gabriel Banik, Gabriel Agboola Adetula, Gijsbert Bijlstra, Frederick Verbruggen, Franki Y. H. Kung, Frank Martela, Francesco Foroni, Jacques Forest, Gage Singer, Fany Muchembled, Flavio Azevedo, Farnaz Mosannenzadeh, Evelina Marinova, Eva Strukelj, Zahra Etebari, Emma L. Bradshaw, Ernest Baskin, Elkin Oswaldo Luis Garcia, Erica Musser, I.M.M. Van Steenkiste, El Rim Ahn, Eleanor Quested, Ekaterina Pronizius, Emily A. Jackson, Efisio Manunta, Elena Agadullina, Dušana Sakan, Pinar Dursun, Olivier Dujols, Dmitrii Dubrov, Megan Willis, Murat Tümer, Jennifer L. Beaudry, Dora Popovic, Daniel Dunleavy, Ikhlas Djamai, Dino Krupic, Dora Herrera, Diego Vega, Hongfei Du, Débora Mola, Desislava Chakarova, William E. Davis, Dawn Liu Holford, David M. G. Lewis, David C. Vaidis, Daphna Hausman Ozery, Danilo Zambrano Ricaurte, Daniel Storage, Daniela Sousa, Daniela Serrato Alvarez, Daniel Boller, Anna Dalla Rosa, Daliborka Dimova, Dajana Krupic, Dafne Marko, David Moreau, Crystal Reeck, Rita C. Correia, Cassie M. Whitt, Claus Lamm, Claudio Singh Solorzano, Claudia C Von Bastian, Clare A. M. Sutherland, Charles R. Ebersole, Clara Overkott, Christopher L. Aberson, Chunhui Wang, Christopher P. Niemiec, Christiana Karashiali, Chris Noone, Faith Chiu, Chiara Picciocchi, Charlotte Brownlow, Cemre Karaarslan, Nicola Cellini, Celia Esteban-Serna, Cecilia Reyna, Cecilia Ferreyra, Carlota Batres, Ranran Li, Caterina Grano, Joelle Carpentier, Christian K. Tamnes, Cynthia H. Y. Fu, Byurakn Ishkhanyan, Lisa Bylinina, Bastian Jaeger, Carsten Bundt, Tara Bulut Allred, Branko J. Vermote, Ahmed Bokkour, Natalia Bogatyreva, Jiaxin Shi, William J. Chopik, Benedict Antazo, Behzad Behzadnia, Maja Becker, Manal M. Bayyat, Beatrice Cocco, Afroja Ahmed, Wei-Lun Chou, Vassilis Barkoukis, Barbora Hubena, Ahmed Khaoudi, Barbara Žuro, Balazs Aczel, Ekaterina Baklanova, Hui Bai, Busra Bahar Balci, Peter Babincák, Bart Soenens, Barnaby James Wyld Dixson, Aviv Mokady, Heather Barry Kappes, Mohammad Atari, Anna Szala, Anna Szabelska, John Jamir Benzon Aruta, Artur Domurat, Nwadiogo Chisom Arinze, Arianna Modena, Arca Adiguzel, Arash Monajem, Kanza Ait El Arabi, Asil Ali Özdogru, Alex O. Rothbaum, Adriana Olaya Torres, Andriana Theodoropoulou, Anna Skowronek, Anum Urooj, Anita Penic Jurkovic, Anisha Singh, Angelos P. Kassianos, Andrej Findor, Andree Hartanto, Anais Thibault Landry, Ana Ferreira, Anabela Caetano Santos, Anabel De La Rosa-Gomez, Amélie Gourdon-Kanhukamwe, Alexandria M. Luxon, Anna Louise Todsen, Alper Karababa, Allison Janak, Alice Pilato, Alexandre Bran, Alexa M. Tullett, Anna O. Kuzminska, Anthony J. Krafnick
Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This crosscountry, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one's core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people's existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges. © 2022 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Illinois Institute of Technology, Department of Psychology, Chicago, IL, United States; Durham University, Department of Psychology, Durham, United Kingdom; University of Reading, Department of Psychology, Reading, United Kingdom; De La Salle College of Saint Benilde, Department of Psychology, Antipolo, Philippines; Clarkson University, Department of Psychology, Potsdam, NY, United States; United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Department of Psychology, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; University of Ljubljana, Department of Translation Studies, Faculty of Arts, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Ghent University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent, Belgium; Grenoble Ecole de Management, Grenoble, France; United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya; Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychology, Indiana, PA, United States; Université Grenoble Alpes, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France; University of Florida, Department of Psychology, Gainesville, United States; Senshu University, Department of Psychology, Kawasaki, Japan; Kyushu University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Fukuoka, Japan; The Education University of Hong Kong, Department of Psychology, Hong Kong; Shanghai International Studies University, Institute of Linguistics, Shanghai, China; University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, United States; University of Toronto, St George, Canada; Montclair State University, Montclair, United States; INSEAD, Singapore; Universidad de los Andes, Department of Psychology, Bogotá, Colombia; Royal Holloway, University of London, Department of Law and Criminology, Egham, United Kingdom; Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, School of Business, Santiago, Chile; Nova Southeastern University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Fort Lauderdale, United States; University of Lisbon, Institute of Environmental Health, Medicine Faculty, Iscte-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, CIS-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal; Charles University, Institute of Economic Studies, Prague, Czech Republic; HSE University, School of Psychology, Moscow, Russian Federation; NHH Norwegian School of Economics, Department of Strategy and Management, Bergen, Norway; Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; University of Belgrade, Laboratory for Neurocognition and Applied Cognition, Faculty of Philosophy, Belgrade, Serbia; Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Osijek, Croatia; New Bulgarian University, Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, Research Center for Cognitive Science, Sofia, Bulgaria; University of Zadar, Department of Psychology, Zadar, Croatia; University of Vienna, Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Vienna, Austria; Simon Fraser University, Department of Psychology, Burnaby, BC, Canada; University of East London, Department of Psychology, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Tufts University, Department of Psychology, Medford, United States; University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia; University of Brasília, Department of Social and Work Psychology, Brasilia, Brazil; Witten/Herdecke University, Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten, Germany; Université de Lorraine, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, BETA, Nancy, France; Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Department of Health and Functioning, Bergen, Norway; Macquarie University, Department of Psychology, Sydney, Australia; Wilfrid Laurier University, Lazaridis School of Business and Economics, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Linguistic Studies, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Psychology, Madison, United States; Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, Stockholm, Sweden; University of Dhaka, Department of Clinical Psychology, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands; Stockholm University, Department of Linguistics, Stockholm, Sweden; Manchester Metropolitan University, Department of Psychology, Manchester, United Kingdom; Waseda University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo, Japan; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Budapest, Hungary; Jagiellonian University, Department of Philosophy, Institute of Psychology, Krakow, Poland; ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, School of Applied Psychology, Winterthur, Switzerland; Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand; Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands; Icam Toulouse, Humanities Department, Toulouse, France; PSA Psihesko, Skopje, North Macedonia; University of Nottingham Malaysia, School of Psychology, Semenyih, Malaysia; Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Krems an der Donau, Austria; Radboud University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Behavioural Science Institute, Nijmegen, Netherlands; University of Mississippi, Department of Psychology, Oxford, MS, United States; Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Harrisburg, United States; T A Pai Management Institute, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India; Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States; University of Wroclaw, Institute of Psychology, Wroclaw, Poland; Concordia University, John Molson Business School, Montreal, QC, Canada; University of Mississippi, Clinical-Disaster Research Center, Oxford, MS, United States; Ghent University, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent, Belgium; Ashland University, Department of Psychology, Ashland, OH, United States; Mugla Sitki Koçman University, Department of Psychological Counselling and Guidance, Faculty of Education, Mugla, Turkey; National Research University Higher, School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Ruhr University Bochum, Department of Neurology, Mauritius Hospital Meerbusch, Meerbusch, Germany; Bar-Ilan University, Department of Psychology, Ramat Gan, Israel; McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; University of the Fraser Valley, Department of Psychology, Abbotsford, BC, Canada; Florida International University, Department of Psychology, Center for Children and Families, Miami, United States; University of Belgrade, Department of Psychology, Belgrade, Serbia; Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany; Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy; University of Maribor, Department of Psychology, Maribor, Slovenia; Sapienza University of Rome, Doctoral School of Psychological Sciences, Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization Processes, Rome, Italy; University of Warwick, Coventry United Kingdom, United Kingdom; Willamette University, Department of Psychology, Salem, United States; University of Porto, Center for Psychology, Porto, Portugal; Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology, Turku, Finland; Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Grupo de investigación en Biogeografía y Ecología Espacial (BioGeoE2), Tena, Ecuador; University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico; Union University, Faculty of Legal and Business Studies Dr Lazar Vrkatic, Department of Psychology, Novi Sad, Serbia; Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Kindergarten Kustošija, Zagreb, Croatia; University of Cambridge, Department of Psychology, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Erzurum Technical University, Department of Psychology, Erzurum, Turkey; University of Alabama, Department of Psychology, Tuscaloosa, United States; Harvard University, Harvard Kennedy School, Boston, United States; FOM University of Applied Sciences, Essen, Germany; University of Lisbon, Aventura Social and DESSH, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Lisbon, Portugal; Urmia University, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Urmia, Iran; University of Opole, Institute of Psychology, Opole, Poland; Australian Catholic University, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil; University of Magallanes, Department of Psychology, Punta Arenas, Chile; Curtin University, enAble Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Northern Illinois University, Department of Psychology, DeKalb, United States; University College London, Department of Applied Health Research, London, United Kingdom; University of Padua, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Padua, Italy; Australian Catholic University, Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru; Tarbiat Modares University, Department of Art Studies, Tehran, Iran; Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; Federal University of Mato Grosso, Department of Psychology, Cuiabá, Brazil; University of Konstanz, Department of Psychology, Konstanz, Germany; Ben Gurion University, Department of Psychology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Beersheba, Israel; Dominican University, Department of Psychology, River Forest, United States; University of Tehran, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Tehran, Iran; Wittenberg University, Department of Psychology, Springfield, United States; Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Department of General, Experimental, Developmental, and Health Psychology, Sofia, Bulgaria; Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany; Università degli Studi di Trieste, Dipartimento di Scienze Giuridiche, del Linguaggio, dell'Interpretazione e della Traduzione, Trieste, Italy; University of Wuppertal, Department of Psychology, Wuppertal, Germany; The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Université de Paris, Paris, France; Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany; University College London, Division of Psychology & Language Sciences, London, United Kingdom; Tzu-Chi University, Department of Human Development and Psychology, Hualien, Taiwan; University of Trieste, Department of Translation and Interpretation, Trieste, Italy; University of the Philippines Diliman, Department of Psychology, Quezon City, Philippines; Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Psychology, Izmir, Turkey; Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven, Netherlands; Pavol Jozef Safárik University in Košice, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Košice, Slovakia; Arellano University, School of Psychology, Manila, Philippines; Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, United States; University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; University of Essex, Department of Language and Linguistics, Essex, United Kingdom; Universidad Manuela Beltran, Faculty of Education, Human and Social Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia; University of Aberdeen, School of Psychology, King's College, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; College London, Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Sampurna Montfort College, Bangalore, India; The University of Osijek, Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Osijek, Croatia; University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine FMUC, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health ICNAS, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research CIBIT, Coimbra, Portugal; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), UNC, Córdoba, Argentina; The University of Auckland, School of Psychology, Centre for Brain Research, Auckland, New Zealand; Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Porto, Portugal; University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain; Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Institute of Business Administration, Department of Social Sciences & Liberal Arts, Karachi, Pakistan; Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Department of Psychology, Ndufu-Alike, Nigeria; SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland; Psychological Institute, The Russian Academy of Education, Developmental Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, Moscow, Russian Federation; Kent State University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent, United States; University of Haifa, Department of Special Education, The Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, Haifa, Israel; Case Western Reserve University, Department of Population, Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; University of Southern Denmark, Department of Sports Sciences, Clinical Biomechanics, Odense, Denmark; University of Tabriz, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Department of Motor Behavior, Tabriz, Iran; University of Oxford, Oxford Internet Institute, Oxford, United Kingdom; London School of Economics, Political Science, London, United Kingdom; Prague University of Economics and Business, Prague, Czech Republic; DIPF, Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Intelligent Agents and Synthetic Characters Group (GAIPS), INESC-ID, Lisbon, Portugal; Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), United Kingdom; University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Psychology, State College, PA, United States; University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Newark, United States; Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Singapore Management University, School of Social Sciences, Singapore; University of Hildesheim, Institute of Psychology, Hildesheim, Germany; University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Universidad de Sonora, Department of Psychology, Sonora, Mexico; Paul Valery Montpellier 3 University, Lhumain Laboratory, Montpellier, France; University of the Sunshine Coast, School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia; Jose Rizal University, Department of Psychology, Mandaluyong, Philippines; King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Bournemouth University, Department of Psychology, Poole, United Kingdom; Fo Guang University, Department of Psychology, Jiaoxi, Taiwan; GC University, Lahore, Pakistan; Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience Cluster, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Bangladesh Clinical Psychology Society, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Faculty of Economics, Lublin, Poland; University of Desarrollo, Faculty of Psychology, Santiago, Chile; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russian Federation; Middlebury College, Department of Psychology, Middlebury, United States; SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Sopot, Center for Research on Cognition and Behavior, Sopot, Poland; Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands; Samsun University, Department of Psychology, Samsun, Turkey; University of Crete, Department of Psychology, Crete, Greece; Department of Psychology and Human Development, IOE UCL's Faculty of Education and Society, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Swinburne University of Technology, Department of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; School of Sport Science, University of Jordan, Jordan; University of Cyprus, Department of Psychology, Nicosia, Cyprus; University of Padua, Padova Neuroscience Center, Human Inspired Technology Center, Department of General Psychology, Padua, Italy; Adekunle Ajasin University, Department of Pure and Applied Psychology, Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria; California State University, Northridge, CA, United States; Singidunum University, Faculty of Media and Communications, Department of Psychology, Belgrade, Serbia; Michigan State University, Department of Psychology, East Lansing, United States; Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Psychology, Bangkok, Thailand; Université du Québec à Montréal, School of Management, Department of Organization and Human Resources, Montreal, QC, Canada; Comenius University in Bratislava, Institute of European Studies and International Relations, Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Università di Messina, Dipartimento DIMED, Messina, Italy; Florida State University, Center for Translational Behavioral Science, Tallahassee, FL, United States; Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France; Aarhus University, School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus, Denmark; Bilkent University, Department of Political Science, Ankara, Turkey; University of Wisconsin-Stout, Department of Psychology, Menomonie, WI, United States; Murdoch University, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; University of Delhi, Psychology Department, DRC, Delhi, India; California Polytechnic University, Humboldt, Arcata, CA, United States; University of Bergen, Faculty of Psychology, Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Bergen, Norway; University of Presov, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Presov, Slovakia; University of Brasilia, Institute of Psychology, Brasilia, Brazil; Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz, Faculty of Psychology, Bogotá, Colombia; Kozminski University, Centre for Economic Psychology and Decision Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Hacettepe University, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara, Turkey; University of Oxford, School of Anthropology & Museum Ethnography, Oxford, United Kingdom; Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds, United Kingdom; Multimodal Imaging and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Nursing, Limassol, Cyprus; University of Surrey, School of Psychology, Guildford, United Kingdom; SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Sopot, Department of Psychology, Sopot, Poland; Swansea University, Psychology Department, Swansea, United Kingdom; Charles University, Environment Centre, Czech Republic; University of Silesia in Katowice, Institute of Psychology, Katowice, Poland; University College London, Department of Experimental Psychology, London, United Kingdom; University of Cambridge, MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Solna, Sweden; Sapienza University, Department of Psychology, Rome, Italy; University of Milano, Bicocca, Italy; Emotional Health for All Foundation, Jakarta, Indonesia; University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, United States; Universidad de La Frontera, Departamento de Psicología, Laboratorio de Estrés y Salud, Temuco, Chile; University of Ljubljana, Cognitive Science, Faculty of Education, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico; De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines; Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston, United States; Jagiellonian University, Institute of Applied Psychology, Krakow, Poland; National Autonomous University of Mexico, Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, Mexico City, Mexico; University of São Paulo, Institute of Psychology, Department of Experimental Psychology, São Paulo, Brazil; University of Bath, Centre for Motivation and Health Behaviour Change, Department for Health, United Kingdom; University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Psychology, Milan, Italy; University of Birmingham, School of Psychology, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Stanford University, Center for the Study of Language and Information, CA, United States; Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, United States; Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Management, London, United Kingdom; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States; Magdalen College, Calleva Research Centre for Evolution and Human Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Limerick, Global MINDS, Department of Psychology, Limerick, Ireland; Johannes Gutenberg University, Social and Legal Psychology, Mainz, Germany; University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, Belgrade, Serbia; University of Warsaw, Faculty of Management, Warsaw, Poland; University of Amsterdam, ASCoR, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Western Kentucky University, Psychological Sciences Department, Bowling Green, United States; Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; The Institute of Psychology, Dublin, Ireland; University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Üsküdar University, Department of Psychology, Istanbul, Turkey; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Occidental College, Department of Cognitive Science, Los Angeles, United States; Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Institute of Psychology, Würzburg, Germany; Eberhard Karls University, LEAD Research Network, Tübingen, Germany; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; University of St Andrews, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, St Andrews, United Kingdom; Kingston University, London, United Kingdom; University of Primorska, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, Koper, Slovenia; Universidad del Rosario, Programa de Psicología, Bogotá, Colombia; Matej Bel University, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; University of Padova, Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, Padua, Italy; Lancaster University, Department of Psychology, Lancaster, United Kingdom; University of Queensland, School of Languages and Cultures, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Sewanee: The University of the South, Department of Psychology, Sewanee, TN, United States; Emporia State University, Department of Psychology, Emporia, KS, United States; Ibn Tofail University, Higher College of Education & Training Kenitra, Morocco; Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Chinese Center of Disease Prevention and Control, China; Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica; Université de Toulouse, CLLE, CNRS, UT2J, Toulouse, France; Adekunle Ajasin University, Ondo State, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria; University of Canberra, Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Canberra, ACT, Australia; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; London Gates Education Group, Moscow, Russian Federation; Norvel - Psychological Centre for Counselling and Research, Croatia; UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Psychology, Tromsø, Norway; Erasmus University Rotterdam, Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Rotterdam, Netherlands; University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; University of Zurich, Department of Psychology, Zurich, Switzerland; University of St Andrews, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, Zealand, Denmark; Southern Illinois University, School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Carbondale, IL, United States; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France; Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece; University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Kingston University London, Department of Management, Kingston, United Kingdom; New York University, Steinhardt, Department of Applied Psychology, New York, United States; University of Naples L'Orientale, Naples, Italy; Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco; Stevens Institute of Technology, School of Business, Hoboken, United States; Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom; University of Presov, Faculty of Education, Presov, Slovakia; University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Psychology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Chile Sociedad Chilena de Desarrollo Emocional, Chile; Ankara Science University, Business Administration Department, Ankara, Turkey; CSPS Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Social Sciences, Slovakia; Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Zhuhai, China; Pavol Jozef Safárik University, Košice, Slovakia; Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; University of Denver, Department of Psychology, Denver, United States; University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; University of Vermont, Vermont Psychological Services, Burlington, United States; Leipzig University, Institute of Psychology, Leipzig, Germany; University of Haifa, School of Creative Arts Therapies, University of Haifa, Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapies Research Center, Haifa, Israel; Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia; National University of Ireland Galway, School of Psychology, Galway, Ireland; Universidad de Lima, Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Investigación Científica, Lima, Peru; Georgia State University, Department of Psychology, Atlanta, GA, United States; Oakland University, Department of Psychology, Rochester, United States; Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, United States; Aarhus University, Department of Management, Aarhus, Denmark; The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Department of Psychology, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States; University of California Berkeley, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley, United States; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, United States; Afyon Kocatepe University, Department of Psychology, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey; University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru, Lima, Peru; La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Mannheim, Mannheim Centre for European Social Research, Mannheim, Germany; Sapienza University of Rome, Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Rome, Italy; University of New South Wales, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Nanjing Normal University, School of Psychology, Nanjing, China; University of Western Australia, School of Psychological Science, Perth, WA, Australia; University of East London, School of Psychology, London, United Kingdom; University of Manchester, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Manchester, United Kingdom; Charles University, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Prague, Czech Republic; University of Sheffield, School of Architecture, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom; Franklin and Marshall College, Department of Psychology, Lancaster, United States; Mohammed V University in Rabat, Department of Psychology, Rabat, Morocco; University of Baskent, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Ankara, Turkey; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Centro de Estudios Orientales, Lima, Peru; Charles University, Faculty of Education, Institute for Research, Development of Education, Prague, Czech Republic; Busara Center of Behavioural Economics, Kenya; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management, and Ethics, Stockholm, Sweden; Atilim University, Department of Psychology, Ankara, Turkey; University of Sheffield, Department of Psychology, Sheffield, United Kingdom; University of Essex, Department of Psychology, Essex, United Kingdom; Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Department of Psychology, Sibiu, Romania; University of Virginia, Department of Psychology, Charlottesville, VA, United States; University of Oxford, Institute of Human Sciences, Oxford, United Kingdom; Ankara Medipol University, Department of Psychology, Ankara, Turkey; University of Southern California, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, United States; Temple University, Fox School of Business, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Center for Liberal Arts, Fukuoka, Japan; Nottingham Trent University, Division of Psychology, UK, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, North Macedonia; University of Graz, Institute of Psychology, Graz, Austria; ELTE Eötvös Lóránd University, Institute of Psychology, Budapest, Hungary
