Charles A. Dorison, Jennifer S. Lerner, Blake H. Heller, Alexander J. Rothman, Ichiro I. Kawachi, Ke Wang, Vaughan W. Rees, Brian P. Gill, Nancy Gibbs, Charles R. Ebersole, Zahir Vally, Zuzanna Tajchman, Andras N. Zsido, Mija Zrimsek, Zhang Chen, Ignazio Ziano, Zoi Gialitaki, Chris D. Ceary, Yijun Lin, Yoshihiko Kunisato, Yuki Yamada, Qinyu Xiao, Xiaoming Jiang, Xinkai Du, Elvin Yao, John Paul Wilson, Wilson Cyrus-Lai, William Jimenez-Leal, Wilbert Law, W. Matthew Collins, Karley L. Richard, Marek Vranka, Vladislav Ankushev, Vidar Schei, Valerija Križanić, Veselina Hristova Kadreva, Vera Cubela Adoric, Ulrich S. Tran, Siu Kit Yeung, Widad Hassan, Ralph Houston, Tiago J. S. Lima, Thomas Ostermann, Thomas Frizzo, Therese E. Sverdrup, Thea House, Tripat Gill, Maksim Fedotov, Tamar Paltrow, Teodor Jernsäther, Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Thomas J. Hostler, Tatsunori Ishii, Barnabas Szaszi, Sylwia Adamus, Lilian Suter, Sumaiya Habib, Anna Studzinska, Dragana Stojanovska, Steve M. J. Janssen, Stefan Stieger, Stefan E. Schulenberg, Srinivasan Tatachari, Soufian Azouaghe, Piotr Sorokowski, Agnieszka Sorokowska, Xin Song, Savannah C. Lewis, Sladjana Sinkolova, Dmitry Grigoryev, Shira Meir Drexler, Shimrit Daches, Shawn N. Geniole, Selena Vračar, Sébastien Massoni, Saša Zorjan, Eylül Sarıoğuz, Sara Morales Izquierdo, Sara G. Alves, Sara Pöntinen, Sara Álvarez Solas, Santiago Ordoñez-Riaño, Sanja Batić Očovaj, Sandersan Onie, Samuel Lins, Sami Çoksan, Asli Sacakli, Susana Ruiz-Fernández, Sandra J. Geiger, Saeideh FatahModares, Radoslaw B. Walczak, Ruben Betlehem, Roosevelt Vilar, Rodrigo Cárcamo, Robert M. Ross, Randy McCarthy, Tonia Ballantyne, Erin C. Westgate, Reza Afhami, Dongning Ren, Renan P. Monteiro, Ulf-Dietrich Reips, Niv Reggev, Robert J. Calin-Jageman, Razieh Pourafshari, Raquel Oliveira, Mina Nedelcheva-Datsova, Rima-Maria Rahal, Rafael R. Ribeiro, Theda Radtke, Rachel Searston, Redeate Habte, Przemysław Zdybek, Sau-Chin Chen, Princess Lovella G. Maturan, Jennifer T. Perillo, Peder Mortvedt Isager, Pavol Kačmár, Paulo Manuel Macapagal, Paulina Szwed, Paul H. P. Hanel, Paul A. G. Forbes, Patrícia Arriaga, Bastien Paris, Konstantinos Papachristopoulos, Pablo Sebastián Correa, Ondřej Kácha, Márcia Bernardo, Olatz Campos, Olalla Niño Bravo, Oscar J. Galindo-Caballero, Chisom Esther Ogbonnaya, Olga Bialobrzeska, Natalia Kiselnikova, Nicolle Simonovic, Noga Cohen, Nora L. Nock, Niklas Johannes, Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir, Nicolas Say, Nathan Torunsky, Natalia Van Doren, Naoyuki Sunami, Nikolay R. Rachev, Nadyanna M. Majeed, Nadya-Daniela Schmidt, Khaoula Nadif, Nadia S. Corral-Frías, Nihal Ouherrou, Myrto Pantazi, Marc Y. Lucas, Martin R. Vasilev, María Victoria Ortiz, Muhammad Mussaffa Butt, Muhib Kabir, Rafał Muda, Maria del Carmen Mc Tejada Rivera, Miroslav Sirota, Martin Seehuus, Michal Parzuchowski, Mónica Toro, Monika Hricova, Mónica Alarcón Maldonado, Magdalena Marszalek, Maria Karekla, Giovanna Mioni, Minke Jasmijn Bosma, Minja Westerlund, Milica Vdovic, Michal Bialek, Miguel A. Silan, Michele Anne, Michal Misiak, Maurice Grinberg, Mariagrazia Capizzi, Mauricio F. Espinoza Barría, Merve A. Kurfali, Michael C. Mensink, Mikayel Harutyunyan, Meetu Khosla, Max Korbmacher, Matúš Adamkovič, Matheus Fernando Felix Ribeiro, Maria Terskova, Matej Hruška, Marcel Martončik, Martin Voracek, Martin Čadek, Martha Frías-Armenta, Marta Kowal, Marta Topor, Marta Roczniewska, Marlies Oosterlinck, Markéta Braun Kohlová, Mariola Paruzel-Czachura, Marina Romanova, Marietta Papadatou-Pastou, Maria Louise Lund, Maria Antoniadi, Marc V. Jones, Manuel S. Ortiz, Mathi Manavalan, Abdumalik Muminov, Małgorzata Kossowska, Maja Friedemann, Magdalena Wielgus, Marco A. C. Varella, Melissa F. Colloff, Maria Bradford, Leigh Ann Vaughn, Luis Eudave, Luc Vieira, Lina Maria Sanabria Pineda, Laura Calderón Pérez, Ljiljana B. Lazarevic, Lisa M. Jaremka, Elizaveta Kushnir, Lisa Anton-Boicuk, Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho, Lina Ahlgren, Carmel A. Levitan, Leticia Micheli, Leonhard Volz, Marija Stojanovska, Leanne Boucher, Lara Samojlenko, Lady Grey Javela Delgado, Lada Kaliska, Lara Warmelink, Luis Miguel Rojas-Berscia, Karen Yu, Jakub Wachowicz, Kermeka Desai, Krystian Barzykowski, Luca Kozma, Kortnee Evans, Komila Kirgizova, Bamikole Emmanuel Agesin, Monica A Koehn, Kelly Wolfe, Tatiana Korobova, Kristoffer Klevjer, Kevin van Schie, Kevin Vezirian, Kaja Damnjanović, Katrine Krabbe Thommesen, Kathleen Schmidt, Katarzyna Filip, Karolina Grzech, Karlijn Hoyer, Karis Moon, Kafeel Rana, Kristina Janjić, Jordan W. Suchow, Julita Kielińska, Julio E Cruz Vásquez, Julia Beitner, Juan Camilo Vargas-Nieto, Jose Carlos T. Roxas, Jennifer Taber, Joan Urriago-Rayo, Jeffrey M. Pavlacic, Jozef Bavolar, José A. Soto, Jonas K. Olofsson, Johannes K. Vilsmeier, Johanna Messerschmidt, Johanna Czamanski-Cohen, Jordane Boudesseul, Jeong Min Lee, Julia Kamburidis, Janis Zickfeld, Jacob F. Miranda, Jeroen P. H. Verharen, Evgeniya Hristova, Julie E. Beshears, Jasna Milošević Đorđević, Jasmijn Bosch, Jaroslava Varella Valentova, Jan Antfolk, Jana B. Berkessel, Jana Schrötter, Jan Urban, Jan Philipp Röer, James O Norton, Jaime R. Silva, Jade S. Pickering, Jáchym Vintr, Jim Uttley, Jonas R. Kunst, Izuchukwu L. G. Ndukaihe, Aishwarya Iyer, Iris Vilares, Aleksandr Ivanov, Ivan Ropovik, Isabela Sula, Irena Sarieva, Irem Metin-Orta, Irina Prusova, Isabel Pinto, Andreea Ioana Bozdoc, Inês A. T. Almeida, Ilse L. Pit, Ilker Dalgar, Ilya Zakharov, Azuka Ikechukwu Arinze, Keiko Ihaya, Ian D. Stephen, Biljana Gjoneska, Hilmar Brohmer, Heather Flowe, Hendrik Godbersen, Halil Emre Kocalar, Mattie V. Hedgebeth, Hu Chuan-Peng, MohammadHasan Sharifian, Harry Manley, Handan Akkas, Nandor Hajdu, Habiba Azab, Gwenael Kaminski, Gustav Nilsonne, Gulnaz Anjum, Giovanni A. Travaglino, Gilad Feldman, Gerit Pfuhl, Gabriela Czarnek, Gabriela Mariana Marcu, Gabriela Hofer, Gabriel Banik, Gabriel Agboola Adetula, Gijsbert Bijlstra, Frederick Verbruggen, Franki Y. H. Kung, Francesco Foroni, Gage Singer, Fany Muchembled, Flavio Azevedo, Farnaz Mosannenzadeh, Evelina Marinov, Eva Štrukelj, Zahra Etebari, Ernest Baskin, Elkin Oswaldo Luis Garcia, Erica Musser, I.M.M. van Steenkiste, El Rim Ahn, Ekaterina Pronizius, Emily A Jackson, Efisio Manunta, Elena Agadullina, Dušana Šakan, Pinar Dursun, Olivier Dujols, Dmitrii Dubrov, Megan Willis, Murat Tümer, Jennifer L. Beaudry, Dora Popović, Daniel Dunleavy, Ikhlas Djamai, Dino Krupić, Diego Vega, Hongfei Du, Débora Mola, William E. Davis, Dawn Liu Holford, David M. G. Lewis, David C. Vaidis, Daphna Hausman Ozery, Danilo Zambrano Ricaurte, Daniel Storage, Daniela Sousa, Daniela Serrato Alvarez, Anna Dalla Rosa, Dajana Krupić, Dafne Marko, David Moreau, Crystal Reeck, Rita C. Correia, Cassie M. Whitt, Claus Lamm, Claudio Singh Solorzano, Claudia C. von Bastian, Clare Am Sutherland, Clara Overkott, Christopher L. Aberson, Chunhui Wang, Christiana Karashiali, Chris Noone, Faith Chiu, Chiara Picciocchi, Cemre Karaarslan, Nicola Cellini, Celia Esteban-Serna, Cecilia Reyna, Carlota Batres, Ranran Li, Caterina Grano, Joelle Carpentier, Christian K. Tamnes, Cynthia H.Y. Fu, Byurakn Ishkhanyan, Lisa Bylinina, Bastian Jaeger, Carsten Bundt, Tara Bulut Allred, Ahmed Bokkour, Natalia Bogatyreva, William J. Chopik, Benedict Antazo, Behzad Behzadnia, Maja Becker, Beatrice Cocco, Wei-Lun Chou, Barbora Hubena, Barbara Žuro, Balazs Aczel, Ekaterina Baklanova, Hui Bai, Busra Bahar Balci, Peter Babinčák, Barnaby James Wyld Dixson, Aviv Mokady, Heather Barry Kappes, Mohammad Atari, Anna Szala, Anna Szabelska, John Jamir Benzon Aruta, Artur Domurat, Nwadiogo Chisom Arinze, Arianna Modena, Arca Adiguzel, Arash Monajem, Kanza Ait El Arabi, Asil Ali Özdoğru, Adriana Julieth Olaya Torres, Andriana Theodoropoulou, Anita Penić Jurković, Angelos P. Kassianos, Andrej Findor, Andree Hartanto, Anais Thibault Landry, Ana Ferreira, Anabela Caetano Santos, Anabel De la Rosa-Gomez, Amélie Gourdon-Kanhukamwe, Anna Louise Todsen, Alper Karababa, Allison Janak, Alexandre Bran, Alexa M. Tullett, Anna O. Kuzminska, Anthony J Krafnick, Anum Urooj, Ahmed Khaoudi, Afroja Ahmed, Agata Groyecka-Bernard, Adrian Dahl Askelund, Adeyemi Adetula, Anabel Belaus, Abdelilah Ca Charyate, Aaron L. Wichman, Alina Stoyanova, Anna Greenburgh, Andrew G. Thomas, Alexios Arvanitis, Patrick S. Forscher, Peter R Mallik, Maximilian A. Primbs, Jeremy K. Miller, Hannah Moshontz, Heather L. Urry, Hans IJzerman, Dana M. Basnight-Brown, Christopher R. Chartier, Erin M. Buchanan, Nicholas A. Coles
The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science research highlights a pressing question: Is it more effective to frame COVID-19 health messages in terms of potential losses (e.g., “If you do not practice these steps, you can endanger yourself and others”) or potential gains (e.g., “If you practice these steps, you can protect yourself and others”)? Collecting data in 48 languages from 15,929 participants in 84 countries, we experimentally tested the effects of message framing on COVID-19-related judgments, intentions, and feelings. Loss- (vs. gain-) framed messages increased self-reported anxiety among participants cross-nationally with little-to-no impact on policy attitudes, behavioral intentions, or information seeking relevant to pandemic risks. These results were consistent across 84 countries, three variations of the message framing wording, and 560 data processing and analytic choices. Thus, results provide an empirical answer to a global communication question and highlight the emotional toll of loss-framed messages. Critically, this work demonstrates the importance of considering unintended affective consequences when evaluating nudge-style interventions. © 2022, The Society for Affective Science.
Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Peabody College of Education and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Mathematica, Cambridge, MA, United States; University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States; United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Wolfson College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Twin Cities, Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States; Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Translation Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Grenoble Ecole de Management, Grenoble, France; Culemborg, Netherlands; Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States; Department of Psychology, Senshu University, Kawasaki, Japan; Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Institute of Linguistics, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China; University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, United States; Montclair State University, Montclair, United States; INSEAD, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Psychology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, United States; Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; HSE University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Strategy and Management, NHH Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Psychology, University of Zadar|, Zadar, Croatia; Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; University of Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong; Department of Psychology, University of East London, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Dunoon, United Kingdom; Department of Social and Work Psychology, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil; Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany; Université de Lorraine, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, BETA, Nancy, France; Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Lazaridis School of Business and Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada; Institute for Linguistic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; South Carolina, United States; Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom; Faculty of Integrated Arts and Social Sciences, Japan Women’s University, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; School of Applied Psychology, ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Icam Toulouse, Department of Humanities, Toulouse, France; PSA Psihesko, Skopje, North Macedonia; School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia; Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria; Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States; T A Pai Management Institute, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Psychology, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco; Université Grenoble Alpes, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France; Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland; Ashland University, Ashland, United States; National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Neurology, Mauritius Hospital Meerbusch, Meerbusch, Germany; Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Psychology, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Psychology, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia; Department of Psychology, Institute of Social Sciences, University of Başkent, Ankara, Turkey; University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Center for Psychology at University of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Arts, Psychology, and Theology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Grupo de investigación en Biogeografía y Ecología Espacial (BioGeoE2), Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador; University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Colombia; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Legal and Business Studies Dr Lazar Vrkatic, Union University, Novi Sad, Serbia; Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Emotional Health For All Foundation, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Psychology, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey; Ankara, Turkey; FOM University of Applied Sciences, Essen, Germany; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran; Institute of Psychology, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile; Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, United States; Department of Art Studies, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil; Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Switzerland; Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben Gurion University, Beersheba, Israel; Department of Psychology, Dominican University, River Forest, United States; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Iscte-University Institute of Lisbon, CIS-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal; Intelligent Agents and Synthetic Characters Group (GAIPS), INESC-ID, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of General, Experimental, Developmental, and Health Psychology, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria; ISCTE - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, CIS-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Psychology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany; The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany; Department of Human Development and Psychology, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines; Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, United States; Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia; School of Psychology, Arellano University, Manila, Philippines; Social Science Department, College of Liberal Arts, Technological University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom; Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Concordia University, Montreal, Canada; Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece; Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain; Barakaldo, Spain; Faculty of Education, Human and Social Sciences, Universidad Manuela Beltran, Bogotá, Colombia; Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Nigeria; SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland; Psychological Institute of Russian Academy of Education, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, United States; Department of Special Education and The Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States; Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Milton Keynes, United Kingdom & London School of Economics and Political Science, Open University, London, United Kingdom; Prague University of Economics and Business, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Psychology, State College, The Pennsylvania State University, Philadelphia, United States; University of Delaware, Newark, United States; School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Psychology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany; Poggio Imperiale, Italy; Universidad de Sonora, Sonora, Mexico; Lhumain Laboratory, Paul Valery Montpellier 3 University, Montpellier, France; Department of Psychology, Universidad de Sonora, Sonora, Mexico; Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom; Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), - CONICET – UNC, Cordoba, Argentina; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina; Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan; Bangladesh Clinical Psychology Society, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland; University of Desarrollo, Concepción, Chile; Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, United States; Vermont Psychological Services, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States; Center for Research on Cognition and Behavior, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Sopot, Sopot, Poland; Centro de Apego y Regulación Emocional, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Del Desarrollo, Concepción, Chile; Puebla, Mexico; University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Faculty of Media and Communications, Department of Psychology, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia; University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines; IDN Being Human Lab, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland; School of Anthropology & Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, Research Center for Cognitive Science, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France; Centre of Attachment and Emotional Regulation, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; Department of Political Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, United States; Institute of Economic Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Psychology Department, University of Delhi, DRC, Delhi, India; Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway; Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; CSPS Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Social Sciences, Košice, Slovakia; Institute of Psychology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil; Institute of European Studies and International Relations, Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia; Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Sopot, Sopot, Poland; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management, and Ethics, Stockholm, Sweden; Gent, Belgium; Charles University, Environment Centre, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Departamento de Psicología. Laboratorio de Estrés y Salud, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Samarkand, Uzbekistan; Department of Philosophy, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Institute of Psychology, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Ithaca College, Ithaca, United States; University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Université de Paris, Paris, France; Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, United States; Stockholm, Sweden; University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Cognitive Science, Occidental College, Los Angeles, United States; Institute of Psychology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia; Programa de Psicología, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Matej Bel University, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico Pontificia Universidad Católica Puerto Rico, Ponce, Puerto Rico; School of Languages and Cultures, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Psychology, Sewanee: The University of the South, Sewanee, United States; Lublin, Poland; College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; Florence, Italy; Adekunle Ajasin University, Ondo State, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria; Faculty of Health, Discipline of Psychology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; London Gates Education Group, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Psychology, Institute of Philosophy, The University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, United States; University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands; Department of Management, Kingston University London, London, United Kingdom; Stevens Institute of Technology, School of Business, Hoboken, United States; Department of Psychology Bogotá, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Psychology, De La Salle College of Saint Benilde, Antipolo, Philippines; Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany; School of Creative Arts Therapies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapies Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad de Lima, Lima, Peru; Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, United States; Department of Management, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, United States; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, United States; Cognitive Science and Psychology Department, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Alliant International University, San Diego, United States; Faculty of Media and Communication, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia; University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Mannheim Centre for European Social Research, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; 1st Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia; Department of Psychology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany; College of Science, Health, Engineering & Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile; Sociedad Desarrollo Emocional, Santiago, Chile; School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; School of Architecture, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Nigeria; Sampurna Montfort College, Bangalore, India; Faculty of Education, Institute for Research and Development of Education, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Education, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; San Polo d’Enza, Italy; Department of Psychology, Atilim University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Psychology, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania; Faculty of Medicine FMUC, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health ICNAS, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research CIBIT, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Human Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Calleva Research Centre for Evolution and Human Sciences, Magdalen College, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Turkey; Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education, Developmental Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, Moscow, Russian Federation; Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Center for Liberal Arts, Fukuoka, Japan; Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, North Macedonia; Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; School of Psychology, Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey; Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, United States; School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Business Administration Department, Ankara Science University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States; Université de Toulouse, CLLE, CNRS, UT2J, Toulouse, France; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden; Department of Law and Criminology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, United Kingdom; University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong; UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Psychology, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; Department of Pure and Applied Psychology, Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria; Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States; Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia; Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Faculty of Social Sciences, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, United States; Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Psychology, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, United States; Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey; University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia; Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia; Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia; Center for Translational Behavioral Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, United States; Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco; Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, The University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica; Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China; Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas ([IIPsi]CONICET y UNC), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Department of Psychology, Wittenberg University, Springfield, United States; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; California State University, Northridge, United States; Faculty of Psychology, Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, United States; Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health ICNAS, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research CIBIT, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy; Norvel - Psychological Centre for Counselling and Research, Osijek, Croatia; Cognitive Science, Faculty of Education, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Fox School of Business, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States; University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, United States; Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, King’s College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Cal Poly Humboldt, Arcata, United States; Chinese Center of Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Department of Language and Linguistics, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom; University of Naples L’Orientale, Naples, Italy; Department of General Psychology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Padova Neuroscience Center, and Human Inspired Technology Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Division of Psychology & Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) – UNC, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina; Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, United States; Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; School of Management, Department of Organization and Human Resources, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada; School of Psychology, University of East London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands; Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States; Department of Psychology, Jose Rizal University, Mandaluyong, Philippines; Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Department of Motor Behavior, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Université de Toulouse, CLLE, CNRS, Toulouse, France; Rieti, Italy; Department of Psychology, Fo Guang University, Jiaoxi, Taiwan; Prague, Czech Republic; The Institute of Psychology, Dublin, Ireland; Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; Institute of Asian and African Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation; University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States; Department of Psychology, Samsun University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Psychology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey; Faculty of Arts, Institute and Psychology, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia; School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia; Department of Psychology, Ben Gurion University, Beersheba, Israel; Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States; Centre of Language Evolution Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland; Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Ireland; Department of Psychology, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Dipartimento di Scienze Giuridiche, del Linguaggio, dell’Interpretazione e della Traduzione, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy; University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Psychology, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Psychology, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom; Kindergarten Kustošija, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Nursing, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus; Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia; John Molson Business School, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada; Aventura Social and DESSH, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Institute of Environmental Health, Medicine Faculty, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Kingston University, London, United Kingdom; King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom; Department of Psychological Counselling and Guidance, Faculty of Education, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey; Steinhardt, Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, United States; Faculty of Management, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Global MINDS, Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Higher College of Education & Training Kenitra, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco; Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, United States; Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Psychology Department, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece; Busara Center for Behavioral Economics, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Psychology, Ashland University, Ashland, United States; Department of Psychology, Willamette University, Salem, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States; Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, United States; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France; United States International University – Africa, Nairobi, Kenya; Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Harrisburg, United States; Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
